Egyptian civilization

 

The Egyptian civilization is an ancient civilization in the eastern region of North Africa. This civilization developed in the lowlands of the Nile. Currently the region belongs to the state of Egypt. By 3150 BC[1] this civilization became a unified form through the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the first pharaoh. Then the development of ancient Egyptian civilization continued for three millennia. [2] The history of ancient Egypt is an orderly sequence of the history of several permanent kingdoms. There were occasional episodes of political unrest at various times. These episodes are known as interim episodes. The New Kingdom period was the final development of this civilization. After this, the Egyptian civilization gradually began to decline. During the last phase of ancient Egypt's history, Egypt was conquered by several foreign powers. The rule of the pharaohs officially ended when the early Roman Empire conquered Egypt in 31 BC and made the country a Roman province.[3]

Map of Ancient Egypt, showing major cities and landmarks from the Dynastic period (3150-30 BC).

 Part of the success of the ancient Egyptian civilization lies in its ability to adapt to the conditions of the Nile Valley. Prominent floods and controlled irrigation of fertile valleys resulted in surplus crops. From which the social and cultural development of this region is accelerated. It was with these resources that the administration began to extract minerals from the valley and the surrounding desert, the early development of an independent writing system, the integration of buildings and agricultural products, the establishment of trade relations with neighboring regions, and the establishment of Egyptian supremacy by military defeat of foreign enemies. by doing To motivate and coordinate these activities was the bureaucracy of elite scribes, religious leaders, and administrators under the pharaohs. They ensured the cooperation and unity of the people of Egypt as a whole by binding them into a polytheistic faith.[4][5]

Among the many achievements of the ancient Egyptians were the mastery of stone quarrying, surveying and construction techniques to build buildings from quarries. This resulted in the historic Egyptian pyramids, temples, obelisks, the Egyptian mathematical system, a practical and effective medical system, irrigation and agricultural production techniques, the first shipbuilding,[6] Egyptian porcelain and glass, a new type of literature, and the oldest peace treaty in world history (the Hittites). with).[7] Ancient Egypt left behind a lasting legacy. Extensive imitations of ancient Egyptian art and literature are noted. Its antiquities are carried to the farthest corners of the world. Ancient Egyptian ruins have inspired the imaginations of travelers and writers for centuries. In the early modern period, a renewed interest in antiquities and excavations led to the scientific investigation of Egyptian civilization. As a result, the cultural legacies of Egyptian civilization were presented in a new form before Egypt and the world.[8]